Hrm practices in Bangladesh free essay sample

In the age of knowledge economy, human resource is considered as the most important resource of the organizations and it became decisive for success of any organization (Moyeen Huq 2001; Schuler 1990; Werther Davis 1996). Human resource management (HRM) refers to the policies and practices including human resource planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, orientation, compensation, performance appraisal, training and development, and labor relations (Dessler 2007). The purpose of human resource management is to improve the productive contributions of employees and provide competitive advantage to the organizations (Werther Davis 1996). It is well recognized that an organization enriched with committed, motivated, talented, and competent human resource can achieve any kind of challenging goals. Success of managers in the new century would absolutely depend upon their capabilities in managing human resources (Budhwar Debrah 2001). McClelland (1961) questioned, â€Å"Why should Argentina lag so far behind the United States or Australia in per capita? Is it so much less favored by climate and natural resources? †. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm practices in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In answering the question it is conceived that economic development does not depend on the supply of natural resources, rather it depends upon the effective and efficient utilization of resources (Azim 2008). If resources are used properly, productivity would be increased, which will lead to lessened cost and increased profit. If profit increases, organizations will be able to offer better compensation, training, and working environment for the employees. It will also enhance the job satisfaction and organizational 1 Associate Professor, School of Business, East Delta University, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Email: [emailprotected] com 2 Bang College of Business, Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research (KIMEP), Almay 050010, Kazakhstan, E-mail: [emailprotected] kz Absar Mahmood commitment of the employees, which will in turn lead to further improvement of productivity. Therefore, productivity has been a great concern for every organization of developed and developing country. Human resource management practices can contribute to superior productivity directly by finding better and more efficient ways to achieve objectives and indirectly by improving the quality of work life for employees (Werther Davis 1996). Effective HRM practices can achieve high productivity and corporate financial performance, low scrap rate, and low employee turnover (Arthur 1994; Huselid 1995). Proper human resource management practices such as incentive pay, teams, flexible job assignments, employment security, and training can improve productivity enormously (Ichniowski, Shaw Prennushi 1997; Katou Budhwar 2007). In developing countries, the scenario of HRM is quite unimpressive except in Taiwan and South Korea, where HRM is linked to the formulation of business strategy (Budhwar Debrah 2001). Both the countries, South Korea and Taiwan, have excelled in industrialization. Although Taiwan lacks natural resources, it has accelerated its economic growth by the means of effective human resources management practices (Huang 2001). A case study (Pollitt 2004) analyzing the HRM practices of Nokia Corporation, the leading manufacturer of mobile phones in the world, stated that the HRM practices of Nokia played vital role in helping the company in reaching its 40% percent share of the global handset market, and industry leading profit margins of 20% 25% at a time of unmatched change and competition. It is also reported that, Nokia Corporation? s share of the Finnish GDP was 3. 5% in 2004. Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart and Wright (2007) uttered, â€Å"To compete in today? s economy, whether on a local or global level, companies need to provide a quality product or service†. Sound HRM practices can also help in this regard (Katou Budhwar 2007). It is found that HRM practices have significant positive impact on the implementation of TQM, which would ultimately enhance employee and customer satisfaction (Yang 2006). Through an in-depth study on 178 industrial enterprises of Greece; Katou and Budhwar (2007) found that HR practices such as recruitment, training, promotion, incentives, benefits, involvement, and safety and health were positively related with the elements of organizational performance such as innovation and satisfaction of stakeholders. They also found recruitment as the most powerful HR practice in achieving sustainable competitive advantage based on human capital. Further, employee selection has momentous influence on organizational performance (MacDuffie 1995; Shipton et al. 2005). Employee selection is also associated with perceived market performance (Delaney Huselid 1996). Next, employee training and development has enormous impact on organizational effectiveness. It is observed that more investment in training and development has led to more profitability of the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh (Hoque 1994). Thang and Buyens (2008), after reviewing 66 studies conducted in different countries, concluded that training leads to improved knowledge, skills, abilities, attitudes, and behavior of employees that ultimately enhance excellent financial and non-financial 119 Absar Mahmood performance of the organizations. Moreover, Mexican companies consider employee training and development as their sources of competitive advantages to face the challenges of globalization (Ruiz Germain 2008). In addition, training activities have noteworthy influence on employees? organizational commitment in manufacturing firms in India (Agarwala 2008). Distinctive HRM practices have enabled Japan in becoming one of the most industrially developed countries of the world through creating competitive advantages (Hoque 1990; Mohiuddin Mahmood 1999). Besides, HRM practices of China have contributed a lot in turning the country into an economic power of the world within five decades (Warner 2001). Then, employee compensation, especially the performance based compensation system, resulted in better organizational performance in Indian firms (Singh 2004). In Chinese firms, HRM practices were found to have significant influence on employee affective commitment (Yu Egri 2005). Hence, it is evident from the above discussion that the role of human resource management practices towards improving organizational performance in every part of the world, from developing countries to developed countries, is time-tested. Now the world is more competitive than ever. Due to emergence of global village, this competition has become more severe. To survive in the era of fierce competition, industrial enterprises need to create sustainable competitive advantage based on human resource management practices (Barney 1991; Khandekar Sharma 2005). In today? s world, the central challenge that a country faces is the continuous improvement of the performance of its organizations, both of public and private sectors (Khan 2007; Werther Davis 1996). Due to flow of globalization, trade liberalization, unparalleled recession, and technological breakthroughs; industrial enterprises of Bangladesh are under tremendous pressure to improve productivity, quality, innovation, and overall effectiveness. Historically, Bangladesh is an agro-based country. More than 50% of its population is employed in agriculture (Ministry of Finance, GOB 2007). However, the contribution of agriculture to the GDP has shown declining trends in recent years (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, GOB 2007). As possibility of growth in agriculture of Bangladesh is constrained by a number of social, economic, and physical reasons such as small land-man ratio, natural calamities, and rapid urbanization; the need for the development of industrial sector has been obvious (Aowrangazab 2005). Low growth in agriculture has created tremendous pressure on industrial sector through the influx of surplus laborers from agriculture to industry. The unemployment problem of Bangladesh, one of the populous nations of the world, will be further deteriorated until and unless industrialization through labor intensive manufacturing enterprises is accelerated. In 1971, Bangladesh started its journey as an independent and sovereign nation. During that time only 4% GDP came from industrial sector, most of which were mainly small scale industries (Ahmed Patan 1979). The socialist prone philosophy and huge immobilized abandoned industrial units of the non-Bengali communities led the nationalization of industries soon after the independence. 120 Absar Mahmood The investment policies of 1973 and 1974 gave further emphasis on public sector oriented industrialization and were in against of the expansion of the private sector. Nevertheless, the public sector industrial enterprises, unfortunately, did not perform well. Rather, they have been emerging as a white elephant through incurring huge losses in every year (Abedin 1988; Hoque 1994; Khan Alauddin 1995). On the other hand, from December 1975 to till now all the governments have been emphasizing on the development of the private sector industrial enterprises through the investment policy of 1975, and industrial policies of 1982, 1986, 1991, 1999, and 2005. However, it is also found that the performance of the private sector industrial enterprises has not also achieved ultimate success (Aowrangazab 2005; Khan 2007; Khan Alauddin 1995; Sikder, 1996). A number of issues are liable for such state of affairs in the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh where ineffective HRM practices are reported to be one of them (Ali 1989; Ather Solaiman 1995; Chowdhury 2000; Hoque 1994; Islam 1982; Khan 2007; Rahman 1984; Shelly 1994; Sikder 1996; Taher 1992). Regardless its problems, Bangladesh have tremendous potentialities in some areas. The importance of developing countries (like Bangladesh) is growing rapidly as the suppliers of low-priced resources, buyers, competitors, capital users, and destination of foreign direct investment of MNCs (Budhwar Debrah 2001). Bangladesh has the 7 th largest work force (69 millions) of the world (Ernst Young, MCCCI 2007). The country also has the highest number of soldiers in the UN peacekeeping mission. Bangladesh has been holding one of the top positions with respect to foreign currency earnings from remittance and garments export. Thus, Bangladesh (as cited in Azim 2008), along with South Korea and Mexico, has been included by Goldman Sachs in their Global Economic Paper, 2005 as one of the â€Å"Next 11† countries that have the potential to become global heavy weights and match the dominance of the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India, and China). Therefore, to harness the above mentioned potentialities, the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh need to adopt sound human resource management practices. Beardwell and Holden (as cited in Weeratunga 2003) opined that some countries such as Japan, Germany, and Sweden have immensely developed themselves through emphasizing on human resources properly. They also argued that technological advancement and organizational change have progressively led employers to the realization that success depends on the skills and abilities of their employees, which can only be ensured through effective human resource management practices. Against this backdrop, an indepth study to evaluate the status of HRM practices of the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh can be pertinent and worthwhile. And, therefore, the main objective of our study is to the state of adoption of new HRM practices by public and private sectors organizations in Bangladesh and made some recommendations how it could bring benefits for them in the long-run. 121 Absar Mahmood 2. Research on HRM practices in Bangladesh: A Survey of Literature HRM practices have been researched in Bangladesh from different perspectives. Rab (1991) explored HRM practices of 24 small enterprises operating in Dhaka. He identified that in case of recruitment, personal contact was the primary means (58%) followed by advertisement in newspaper (21%), walk-in (13%), and company notice board (8%). All the enterprises, except one, used work sample test and interview for the selection of employees. On-the-job training was observed to be the most widely used one. Most of the enterprises (87. 5%) paid one or more types of allowances in addition to salary. A case study (Taher 1992) was conducted on the overall personnel management (HRM) practices of Khulna Hard Board Mills Ltd. It discussed about the recruitment, selection, training and development, compensation, labor relations, and safety and health. The researcher unearthed different problems related to personnel management practices of the mill such as conflicts in personnel department, disproportionate span of supervision, inappropriate grade, high rate of absenteeism, antagonistic feeling of local workers, inadequate training programs, lack of skill audit, nepotism and favoritism in promotion and selection of employees, poor industrial relations, inadequate compensation, and poor safety and health services. Shelly (1994) examined the roles of human resources, and infrastructure in the industrialization process of Bangladesh. He observed that ineffective human resource management was one of the major problems faced by industrial sector of Bangladesh. Most of the HRM practices such as HR planning, recruitment, selection, promotion, performance appraisal, compensation, incentives, and industrial relations were not performed properly in industries. Mohiuddin and Mahmood (2001) studied the transformation of personnel management into human resource management. Based on different empirical and theoretical studies conducted in the western world, the authors distinguished between personnel and human resource management. Another researcher (Ahmed 2001) discussed about the linkage between human resource management and corporate strategy. He also revealed that corporate strategies developed by Michel Porter such as cost leadership, differentiation, and focus strategies had significant impact on HR strategies and practices. Moyeen and Huq (2001) studied HRM practices of 92 medium and large business enterprises (public and private sector) located in Dhaka, Bangladesh. They found that only 62% of surveyed organizations had an HR/IR department. About 96% organizations had training programs. 91% of organizations had performance appraisal system and similar percent of organizations had a system of rewarding the good employees. The least prevalent practice among the surveyed organizations was employee pension plan. The researchers inferred that union status (presence of unions) was associated with some HRM practices and firms? size was found as an important predictor of some of the HRM practices. A research study (Mamun Islam 2001) examined the human resource management (HRM) practices of the ready made garments (RMG) 122 Absar Mahmood enterprises. The study emphasized on improving productivity of garments workers through proper HRM practices to face challenges of globalization. They discovered the reasons for the low productivity of laborers such as unsystematic recruitment and selection of workers, unavailability of training facilities, inadequate financial facilities, and low motivation level of workers. Human resource management practices of ten local private manufacturing enterprises listed under Dhaka Stock Exchange (DSE) were examined by Akhter (2002). She covered different aspects of HRM practices of the surveyed manufacturing enterprises such as job description, HR planning, recruitment and selection, orientation, training, promotion, performance appraisal, transfer, salary and wage administration, incentives, and fringe benefits. She also measured correlation between employees? opinions regarding HRM practices in their enterprises and their age, education, and experience. Islam (2003) in a study on the HRM practices of small businesses of Bangladesh found that small businesses did not offer reasonable salaries and benefits, training and development opportunities to their employees. The author mentioned that due to outdated HR practices, the productivity and motivation level of the employees of small businesses of Bangladesh were very low. Haque and Prince (2003) assessed the HR practices such as training, promotion policy, performance appraisal method, and transfer policies of some private manufacturing industries based in Chittagong. They found that the surveyed companies imparted on-thejob training, vestibule training, apprenticeship training, and class room training to employees. They also found that the surveyed companies filled up vacancies through internal movement. The companies had formal performance appraisal system. Again, the companies were found to have no standing policy regarding transfer. An in-depth study (Mahmood 2004) assessed the institutional context of human resource management practices in Bangladesh. The author mentioned that research on HRM did not receive its due attention in Bangladesh. The researcher observed that other than organizational contingencies, the institutional context such as national education and training system, national industrial relations system, regulatory frameworks, and overall societal context had significant influence on the development of HRM practices in Bangladesh. Hossain, Khan and Yasmin (2004) analyzed the nature of voluntary disclosures about human resource in the annual reports of 40 Bangladeshi companies. They found that contemporary Bangladeshi companies, though not mandatory, willingly given various information regarding their human resources in the annual reports. Akand (2006), in a case study, investigated the personnel management practices of Janata Bank. Ernst and Young, and Metropolitan Chamber of Commerce and Industry (2007) conducted a survey on HR practices of more than 50 organizations selected from industries (mainly from the private sector) such as Pharma and Healthcare, FMCG, IT, Telecom, Manufacturing, Finance, NGO, Textile/Garments, and Conglomerates. They thoroughly examined talent acquisition, performance management, people development, compensation and benefits, HR strategy and processes, organizational culture, and HR practices for 123 Absar Mahmood Workmen, staff and other non-managerial employees of the surveyed organization. Uddin, Habib and Hassan (2007) depicted a comparative scenario of HRM practices with respect to the public and the private sector companies of Bangladesh. The study encompassed the HRM practices of Wartsila, one of the private sector power generation companies, and BPBD (Bangladesh Power Development Board), the public sector power generation company. They examined recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisal, and compensation practices of both the firms. The authors concluded that the overall HRM practices of Wartsila very much satisfactory compare to those of the BPDB. Huda, Karim and Ahmed (2007) made a study on the HRM practices of 20 NGOs of Bangladesh. It was identified from the study that the HR challenges faced by the NGOs were shortage of qualified candidates, insufficiency of qualified female candidate, poor academic background of applicants in the suburban and rural areas, and the lack of training infrastructure and training need analysis. The first three challenges were related to recruitment. Two recent studies (Billah Islam 2009; Billah, Prince Islam 2009) found that HR practices have significant association with employee turnover and organizational commitment. The above literature survey on different HRM practices demonstrates that like other developing countries, HRM as an area of research has not received proper attention in Bangladesh. Moreover, few in-depth comparative studies between the public and private sector in this context were conducted by the local researchers. The study is, therefore, an endeavor to fill up this obvious res earch gap. 3. Research Objectives, Hypotheses, and Methodology Although human resource management practices are indispensable in enhancing organizational performance and competitive advantage (Becker Huselid 1998), surprisingly an inadequate number of studies have been conducted in this area so far in Bangladeshi context (Akhter 2002; Mahmood 2004). This still remains an unearthed area for research. Thus, the present study aimed at filling the existing research gap. This study would contribute to the progress of better theory and practice of HRM. The research findings would help the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh in realizing the status of their HRM practices. It would also help them improve their HRM practices towards creating a sustainable competitive advantage based on human capital. The research findings would be also useful for the academicians, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners in recognizing HRM practices in a developing country context such as Bangladesh. The study highlighted the following specific objectives: a) To trace the overall status of adoption of new HRM practices in the public sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. b) To trace the overall status of adoption of new HRM practices in the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. c) To explore the difference between public and private sector 124 Absar Mahmood industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of adoption of new HRM practices. d) To put forward policy implications for overall improvement of the HRM practices of the public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh. Based on literature review, objectives of the study and observed present scenario of HRM practices in Bangladesh, we developed the following hypotheses for the study. Hypothesis 1: H0 = The overall status of adoption of new HRM practices in the public sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh is not moderately satisfactory. Hypothesis 2: H0 = The overall status of adoption of new HRM practices in the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh is not satisfactory. Hypothesis 3: H 0 = There is no difference between the public and the private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to the overall adoption of new HRM practices. Sample A sampling frame of 155 public and private sector industrial enterprises was prepared comprising of 64 public sector industrial enterprises (running) under the six state-owned industrial corporations (Ministry of Finance, GOB 2007) such as BCIC, BSEC, BSFIDC, BFIDC, BJMC, and BTMC, and 91 private sector industrial enterprises (CSE, Annual Report 2007) listed under Chittagong Stock Exchange (CSE). Various established approaches are used in determining sample size such as using a census in case of small population, imitating a sample size of analogous studies, using published tables, and using formulas to calculate a sample size (Israel 2003). For the present study, we used â€Å"Table Method† where published tables for similar studies are suggested to use in determining the sample size. We used the â€Å"table† developed by Israel (2003) using the formula of Yamane (1967), which is presented in Table 1. Table1. Sample size for  ± 5%,  ± 7%,  ± 10% precision levels (Confidence level is 95% and p = 0. 5) Hrm Practices in Bangladesh free essay sample HR practice in Bangladesh is better than the past. In the past, HR role was concentrated to hiring firing and letter issuance-dispatching-filing stage. Now it has started to perform more than that. Such as .. .. Employee motivation, Employee development, employee retention, facilitating organizational development initiatives etc. and thus contributes to the achievement of organizational goals. These value added job has just begun in BD. For a good tomorrow, this is a starting point.Employers have started to understand that the more they invest in human resources they more output is likely which lead them to emphasize on employee capability development. As such in many organizations, employee development is viewed as part of business plan. In these organizations, training budget is calculated as a percentage of total budgets of the organization. Employer Employee relationships is better than the past. Employers now recognize the importance of employee?  ¦s participation in business planning, major decision making and organizational change process. We will write a custom essay sample on Hrm Practices in Bangladesh or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Many organizations now conduct employee opinion surveys for collecting employee feedback and improve employer- employee relationships. Some HR actions have legal implications. But in the country context legal explanation does not seem to be adequate. There is lack of uniformity of the interpretation of law that lead to practice by organizations in different way. There is also ambiguity of existing legal policy or detailed policy framework on HR actions seems to be incomplete.  « In future the overall HR practice is expected to be brighter in Bangladesh because more are feeling the necessity of an established HR department in the organizational structure „ « employer-employee relationship is expected to improve, „ « IT will be part of HR practices which will make HR actions, decision making process faster and accurate 5. Human resource management 5. 1. Human resource planning Square has a personal and administrative Department . Square is one of the biggest employers in Bangladesh. The total number of employers in Bangladesh . The total number of employees is 1,223.For the employees there are systematic in house training in home and abroad . To motivate the employees, along with salary and benefits the company provides various facilities like free meals , free transportation , 24 hour medical center , on site sports . Production and accommodation facilities includes full time supply of safe drinking water, adequate lighting and ventilation facilities from sheet. 5. 2 HR Practices of SQUARE textile Recruitment Training Performance Management Labor relation Employee relation Job analysis Job design Selection Development Incentives Benefits 5. . 1 Recruitment and Selection process in SQUARE Recruitment is the process trough which the organization seeks applicants for potential employment. Selection refers to the process by which it attempts to identify applicants with the necessary knowledge, skills, abilities and other characteristics that will help the company achieve its goals, companies engaging in different strategies need different types and numbers of employees. The strategy a company is pursuing will have a direct impact on the types of employees that it seeks to recruit and selection. Source of recruitmentThere are two kinds of source SQUARE uses for recruitment . They are 1. External source 2. Internal source. We try to discuss all relative sources which are used for recruitment in SQUARE. 1. Internal source SQUARE thinks that current employees are a major source of recruits for all but entry-level positions. Whether for promotions or for ‘Lateral’ job transfers, internal candidates already know the informal organization and have detailed information about its formal policies and procedures. Promotions and transfer are typically decided by operating managers with little involvement by HR department. . 1Job-posting programs HR departments become involved when internal job openings are publicized to employees through job positioning programs, which informs employees about opening and required qualifications and invite qualify employees to apply. The notices usually are posted on company bulletin boards or are placed in the company newspaper. Qualification and other facts typically are drawn from the job analysis information. The purpose of job posting is to encourage employees to seek promotion and transfers the help the HR department fill internal opening and meet employee’s personal objectives.Not all jobs openings are posted . Besides entry level positions, senior management and top stuff positions may be filled by merit or with external recruiting. Job posting is most common for lower level clerical, technical and supervisory positions. 1. 2 Departing Employees An often overlooked source of recruiters consists of departing employees. Many employees leave because they can no longer work the traditional 40 hours work week . School, child care needs and other commitments are the common reason.Some might gladly stay if they could rearrange their hours of work or their responsibilities . Instead, they quit when a transfer to a part-time job may retain their valuable skill and training. Even if part-time work is not a solution, a temporary leave of absence may satisfy the employee and some future recruiting need of the employer. 2. External source When job opening cannot be filled internally, the HR department of SQUARE must look outside the organization for applicants. We discuss all the external source of recruitment at bellow: 2. 1 Walk-ins and Write-ins:Walk-ins are some seekers who arrived at the HR department of SQUARE in search of a job; Write-ins are those who send a written enquire . both groups normally are ask to complete and application blank to determine their interest and abilities. Usable application is kept in an active file until a suitable opening occurs or until an application is too old to be considered valid, usually six months. 2. 2 Employee referrals: Employees may refer job seekers to the HR department . Employee referrals have several advantages . Employees with hard –to –find job skill may no others who do the same work.

ABA 1 final Essays

ABA 1 final Essays ABA 1 final Paper ABA 1 final Paper Three levels of understanding in science 1) Description 2) Prediction 3)Control Description collection of facts about observed events that be quantified, classified and examined or possible relation with other known facts (hypothesis) Control Highest level of scientific understanidng from which funtional relations can be derived (change in dependent variable predicts independent variable without confouding variables determinism events do not just occur, but happen in a systematic way, all phenomena occur as result of other events empiricism scientific objective observation of phenomena of interest replication repetition of experiments to determine the reliability and usefulness of findings parsimony the simplest explanations must be ruled out before more complex explanations are considered philosophic doubt the continuous questioning of the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory and knowledge experimental analysis vs. applied behavior analysis of behavior basic research vs. development of technology for improving behavior 7 characteristics of applied behavior analysis (Baer, Wolf Risley) 1) generality 2) effective 3)technological 4) applied 5) conceptual systems 6) analytic 7) behavioral Stimulus an energy change that affects an organism through its receptor cells Operant Conditioning conditioning in which an operant response is brought under stimulus control by virtue of presenting reinforcement or punishment contingent upon the occurrence of the operant response Four Fold Contingency Table [image][image] positive reinforcement targeted response increases when stimulus is added to environment negative reinforcement behavior increases because stimulus is contigently removed from environment positive punishment behavior decreases when stimulus is contingently added to environment negative punishment behavior decreases because stimulus contingently removed from environment 3-term contingency basic unit of analysis in the analysis of operant behavior, antecedent- behavior- consequence habilitation degree to which a persons behavior repertoire maximizes short and long term reinforcers and minimizes short and long term punishers, asesses meaningfulness of behavior change behavioral cusp beahaviors that open a persons world to new opportunities, socially valid, generativeness Target Behavior Definitions accurate, complete, concise, inclusions, exclusions objective, clear, complete measurement the process of applying quantitative labels to observed properties of events using a standard set of rules measurable dimensions of behavior 1) Repeatability (countability) 2) temporal extent (every instance the behavior occurs in some amount of time) 3) temporal locus (every instance of behavior occurs at a certain point in time with respect to other events rate/frequency measurement ratio of (number of responses per unit of time) count per observation period, more meaningful than count alond celeration measure of how rates of responses change over time (accelaration/decelaration) duration measurement the amount of time in which a behavior occurs response latency measurement measure of the elapsed time between the onset of a stimulus and the initiation of a subsequent response interresponse time measurement the amount of time that elapses between two consecutive instances of a response class (temporal locus) per-opportunity measurement response magnitude the force or intensity with which a response is emitted whole interval recording measurement the observation period is divided into a series of brief time intervals. At the end of each interval the observer records whether the behavior occured for the WHOLE interval partial interval recording the observer records if the behavior occured at any time during the interval momentary time sampling records whether the target behavior is occuring at the moment that each time interval ends permanent product measurement measuring a behavior after it has occured by measuring the effects it had on the environment measurement validity when the data produced are directly relevant to the phenomenon measured and to the reasons for meauring it (Was a relevant dimension of the behavior that is the focus of the investigation measured directly and legitimately?) measurement accuracy the extent to which the quantitative label produced by measuring an event matches the true value of the thing measured measurement reliability the extent to which a measurement procedure yields the same value when brought into repeated contact with the same state of nature (consistancy) direct measurement the phenomenon that is the focus of the experiement is exactly the same as the phenomenon being measured (actually seeing target behavior) indirect measurement when phenomena measured is in some way different from target behavior of interest (using questionairre about behavior) interobserver agreement the degree to which two or ore independent observers report the same observed values after measuring the same events IOA for rate/frequency Higher number/lower number x 100 IOA for duration data (shorter duration/longer duration) x 100 IOA for time sampling level (in a data series) value on vertical axis around which a series of data points converge trend (in a data series) overall direction taken by data path (increasing, decreasing, zero trend) variablity (in a data series) frequency to which mulitiple measures of behavior yield different outcomes (if variability is high ther is little or no control over factors influencing behavior) construct a split-middle line of progress A line drawn through a series of graphed data points that shows the overall trend in the data; drawn through the intersections of the vertical and horizontal middles of each half of the charted data and then adjusted up or down so that half of all data points fall on or above and half fall on or below the line. (pg153 in book) construct an equal interval graph Identify behavior change in graphed data functional relationships in graphed data indepdendent variable the variable systematically manipulated by the researcher (in ABA sometimes called intervantion or treatment variable) dependent variable the variable measured in an experiment to see if it changes depending on the independent variable (in ABA measure of socially significant behavior) three elements of baseline logic 1) Prediction 2) Verification 3) Replication Reversal designs (repeated measures, at least A-B-A) should be used when: alternating treatments experimental design the rapid alternation of two or more distinct treatments while their effects on the target behavior are measured Alternating treatment designs are appropriate when: multiple baseline experiemental design an experimental design that begins with the concurrent measurement of two or more behaviors in a baseline condition, followed by the application of the treatment variable to one fot he behaviors while baseline contidions remain in effect for the other behaviors. After maximum change has been noted for the first behavior, the treatment variable is applied in sequential fashion to each of the other behaviors in the design. changing criterion experimental design an experimental design in which an initial baseline phase is followed by a series of treatment phases consisting of successive and gradually changing criteria for reinforcement or puishment. internal validity the extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that changes in behavior are a function of the independent variable and not the result of uncontrolled or unknown variables. confounding variable an uncontrolled factor known or suspected to exert influence on the dependent variable treatment integrity (procedural validity) the extent to which the independent variable is applied exactly as planned and described and no other unplanned variables are administered inadvertantly along with the planned treatment Three ways of assessing social validity 1) social significance of target behavior 2) appropraiteness of procedures 3) social importance of results external validitiy the degree to which a studys findings have generality to other subjects, settings and/or behaviors positive reinforcement establishing operation a motivating operation that establishes the effectiveness of some stimulus, object or event as a reinfocer (food when hungry) unconditioned reinforcer a stimulus change that increases the frequency of any behavior that immediately precedes it irrespective of the organisms learning history with the stimulus (product of evolutionary development, primary or unlearned reinfocers) conditioned reinforcer a stimulus change that functions as a reinforcer because of prior pairing with one or more other reinfocers (learned reinforcer) stimulus preference assessment a variety of procedures used to determine the stimuli that a person prefers, the relative preference of those stimuli and their presumed value as reinforcers avoidance contingency (escape contingency) a contingency in which a response prevents or postpones the presentation of a stimulus continuous reinfocement reinforcement for each occurance of the target behavior intermitant reinfocement some, but not all, occurances of a behavior produce reinforcement fixed ratio schedule a fixed number of responses must occur before reinforcement produces break and run step pattern variable ratio schedule varying number of responses required for reinforcement no post reinforcement pause, consistant steady rate of responding fixed interval schedule reinforcement delivered for the first response emitted following the passage of a fixed duration of time since the last response was reinforced produces scalloped data (post reinforcement pause, increase in response rate as interval increases) variable interval schedule reinforcement provided for the first correct response following the elapse of variable surations of time occuring in random order produces slow to moderate consistant responding limited hold reinforcement is only available during a finite time following the elapse of an FI or VI interval, if there is no response reinforcement is withheld and a new interval begins DRL schedules differnetial reinforcement of low rates of responding- responses reinforced only when they are lower than criterion compound schedules combined elements of of continous reinforcement, the four intermittent schedules of reinforcement, differential reinforcement of various rates of responding and extinction matching law rate of responding typically is proportional to the rate of reinforcement received from each choice alternative punisher a stimulus change that immediately follows the occurance of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior conditions when punishment is more effective immediacy, intensity, schedule, reinforcement for the target behavior, reinforcement for alternative behaviors guidelines for using punishment effectively select effective and appropriate punishers use the least intensity of punishment that is effective experience the punishment personally deliver the punishment immediately deliver the punishment at the beginning of the response chain deliver the punishment unemotionally punish each instance of the behavior watch for possible side effects of punishment record, graph and evaluate daily data examples of positive punishment contingent excersize, overcorrection (resitutional, positive practice), contingent electric stimulation time-out a form of negative punishment- the contingent withdrawel of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcers for a specified time guidelines for using time-out effectively reinforcing and enriching time-in environment defining behaviors leading to time-out defining procedures for the duration of time-out defining exit criteria deciding on non-exclusion or exlusion time-out explaining time-out rules obtaining permission applying time-out consistantly evaluating effectiveness -considering other options legal and ethical time-out issues response cost loss of specific amount of reinforcement contingent upon inappropriate behavior and results in decreased future probability of that behavior guidelines for using response cost effectively determine immediacy of the fine, decide whether bonus respose cost is preferred option, ensure reinforcer reserve, recognize the potential for unplanned or unexpected outcomes, avoid overusing, keep good record on effects side-effects of negative punishment may increase aggression, avoidance responses, affect collateral reductions of desired behaviors, call attention to punished behavior, effects can be unpredictable

History and Historiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

History and Historiography - Essay Example In other words, the different perceptions of historians who have come and gone in the past can be studied with the help of historiography. Furthermore, it is very hard to understand the history, as the historiography depends mainly on the supporting characters of every time, who influences the historians, and thus, one cannot understand the reality of the past properly. In addition, historiography is hard, but it has given a sense of curiosity to the historians, as well as, humans, in order to discover the hidden facts of human life. (History and Historiography, n.d.) Moreover, a specific process is considered by the historians for the obtaining, as well as, transmission of historical knowledge to the others. In this regard, this specific process is studied by the historiography. In the past, different methods have been utilized for obtaining hidden facts related to the human lives, as well as, older civilizations. As earlier mentioned in the paper, political influences also play a crucial role in the writing of history, as historians used to write under the banner of an Empire, or a Kingdom. Thus, it is the responsibility of historiography to examine the processes of history, which involved influences, situations, politics, etc. (Clark, 1994) In this regard, some of the main characteristics of written history, which is examined and evaluated by the historiography, are sources, audience, interpretation, biasness, etc. Furthermore, all the historical works contain a body, which has been referred as the historiography. However, it has been observed that most of the tools related to the written history have been changed, which results in the diversified meanings and relations of historiography. Thus, it is very hard to define the term historiography in one sentence, and different people will relate different interpretations with it. Moreover, breaking of historiography has often been done in different perceptions by diverse humans. At some places, religion has been taken as the base of the historiography, such as Historiography of Islam, or Historiography of Christianity, etc. However, regions or countries have been considered as the bases of historiography at other places, such as, Historiography of British, or Historiography of America, etc. Furthermore, historiography consists of a number of fields, such as, social, oral, etc, which changes the approaches that are considered by the historians. (Clark, 1994) In the nineteenth century, mass literature of historiography has been observed due to the commencement of professional and academic historians around the world. "The reasons why British history has not been written are good, in the sense that they follow naturally enough from the adoption of a limited, if perfectly legitimate, conception of the historian's function". (Pocock, 1982) Background The sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries have been roughly related with the history of Great Britain by the historians. They have termed it as ancient history of early modern Britain. In this regard, so

Comparing Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Essay

Comparing Malcolm X and Martin Luther King - Essay Example Martin Luther King Jr. was follower of the Christian faith. Struggle of Martin Luther Jr. for the right of for his fellow African-American was always non-violent and peaceful throughout his entire movement. He always remained firm on his ground, even he have been physically attacked he never leapt out of his destiny, and never reacted with violence. Malcolm X was a believer of Muslim faith, and strongly believed on Muslim principles. His most renowned quote was â€Å"By any means necessary† (Otis 143-144). He believed in violence against violence. His theory was to get freedom; he was all for it by any way violent or nonviolent way. Although his stance changes later in his life, when he met other Muslims in his visited to Jerusalem. At that moment he changed his thoughts, and became nonviolent. In the start of his preaching, Malcolm X never wanted black and white integration. He grew up minding to the words of his father. Father of Malcolm X was a follower of Marcus Garvey (on e of the most influential and earliest black-nationalist minds was founder of the â€Å"Back to Africa† social movement). In 1946, he was convicted of robbery and sent to prison. During his prison he studied â€Å"Nation of Islam†, Muslim sect founded by Elijah Muhammed. After his release from prison, he joined daily activities of the NoI with dedication. The NoI appealed to warm and young blood of Malcolm, as it was griped with the prosperity of black culture and history, and completely rejecting values and norms of white society. In contrast to Malcolm X, Martin Luther King Jr. was non-violent and peace loving person. He was in favor of peace and integration between black and white races. Martin was influenced by the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. He studied Gandhi's non-violent strategies and found how, to change hearts through love of one’s enemies and sacrifice. Leader and his followers can convert a society externally by diplomacy. His one of the famous civi l rights move was the â€Å"March on Washington†, which framed the different views of Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X. This event took place on August 28, 1963. Around 20,000 or more people including whites participated in the march from Washington Monument to the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C. This march turned out to be one of King’s greatest achievements throughout his life. This event was where he was crowned for the face of the civil rights movement. King never acted out even in the time of violence. Martin wanted all the races should get united to put halt on hatred and violence. Thoughts of Malcolm X were different regarding the march. According to him integration would destroy the movements of African-American for their social rights. He thought that American blacks should be more worried with helping each other and blacks should start this by giving self respect to the same race first. He was not agreed with what King Jr. had to say, in his view drea m of King was not a dream but a nightmare. MLK’s struggle to civil rights and equality was non-violent, preaching out for non-violence, nonviolent resistance, and all this with what he named as a, â€Å"weapons of love† (King, Carson and Carson  135-136). On the other hand, Malcolm X’s approaches for civil rights and equality were different. He does not trust whites, willingly used any means necessary to get social and equal rights. He believed segregation until he went to Makkah.

Performance Management (paraphrase) Human Resource Management Class Essay

Performance Management (paraphrase) Human Resource Management Class - Essay Example Starbucks works hard at providing a great working environment for each and every one of its diverse employees. Along with providing full healthcare benefits for both part and full time employees, the organization thoroughly trains each new staff member through 24-hr in-store training programs for at least 2-4 weeks (Hammers, 2003). This allows them to successfully learn their individual tasks and customer needs while becoming familiar and comfortable with their environment. Starbucks recognizes the fact that every one of its staff is an important â€Å"partner† in helping it to stay true to its mission statement: â€Å"to establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow† (Austin & Reavis 2004). All partners, right up to the board of directors, are given a specific performance standard and code of conduct to abide by. This is effectively communicated through regular partner meetings, memos, and training (Hammers, 2003). When evaluating employees, supervisors, and managers the same appraisal techniques are used to ensure fairness to everyone.

Chinas Development Strategy Under Mao Zedong History Essay

Chinas Development Strategy Under Mao Zedong History Essay The industrial system taken over by the Chinese Communist leadership in 1949 was not only rudimentary and war-devastated, but also extremely imbalanced. Over 70% of the industrial assets and output were concentrated in the coastal areas while the rest of the country shared the remainder. Within the coastal region, modern industrial production was again heavily concentrated in a few cities, namely Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Shenyang, Anshan, Benxi, Dalian and Fushun accounted for 55% of the total for the coastal region. China was a typical dual economy, in which a few industrial cities were surrounded by large-scale agriculture. When the Chinese leadership started its efforts at industrialization, it regarded the huge coast-interior imbalance as irrational because, firstly, areas of industrial production were usually too far away from energy and raw materials supply areas and the interior market, meaning substantial long-distance transport costs and creating a strain on Chinas undeve loped transport system. Secondly, the rich resources in the inland areas could not be properly exploited. Finally, since the coast was easily exposed to foreign military power, the heavy concentration of industry there represented a national security risk, as was the case during the Second World War. To rectify that regional imbalance, the Chinese leadership decided to pull the levers of centrally directed investment. (Yang, 1990) During the land reform, a significant amount landlords were murdered at Communist Party gatherings, the land was taken from them and given to poorer peasants and there was also the Campaign to Suppress Counter-revolutionaries, which involved public executions targeting mainly former Kuomintang officials, businessmen accused of market disturbances, former employees of Western companies and intellectuals whose loyalty was suspect. In 1976, the U.S. State department estimated around a million may have been killed in the land reform, and a further 800,000 killed in the counterrevolutionary campaign (Shalom, 1984, p24). Mao himself claimed that a total of 700,000 people were executed during the years 1949-53 (Chang Halliday, 2005). However, because there was a policy to select at least one landlord, and usually several, in virtually every village for public execution, the number of deaths ranged between 2 and 5 million. In addition, at least 1.5million people (Short, 2001), perhaps as ma ny as 6 million were sent to reform through labour camps where many perished (Valentino, 2004). Mao played a personal role in organizing the mass repressions and established a system of execution quotas, which were often exceeded. Nevertheless he defended these killings as necessary for the securing of power. Chinas first Five-Year Plan entailed the forced provision of cheap agricultural supplies to cities, though per capita allocation kept low to discourage urbanization. In rural areas, production decisions are shifted from households to mutual aid teams, and then to cooperatives where a cadre makes key decisions. Ownership is redefined in the form of state-owned enterprises and collectivized farms. In terms of financial structure, the binding constraints on households and enterprises at this time are coupons, authorizations, and orders to deliver. These instruments rather than money determine production and consumption outcomes; therefore prices are of secondary importance. The Hundred Flowers campaign brings unanticipated criticism, especially from intellectuals, which Mao silences in the repressive anti-rightist campaign. Almost two-thirds of the major projects, including many being built with Soviet aid were located in the interior. Despite allowance made to help rehabilitate war-devastated coastal industrial facilities, nearly 56% of the state investment in fixed assets went to the interior during this period. The interior-orientated investment policy took its toll in terms of economic efficiency as coastal industrial growth was sorely needed as a foundation for the development of the whole country. More concentrated efforts at rehabilitation and improvement of old enterprises in the coastal region could have produced more immediate economic pay-offs than making new investments in areas that lacked infrastructural support. Thus, Mao, in his April 1956 speech On the ten great relationships, commented that in the past few years we have not laid enough stress on industry in the coastal region so that the productive power of coastal industry could be used for the full development of the whole country, e specially the interior. In the same speech, however, Mao also revealed he was in favour of building most of heavy industry, 90% or perhaps still more, in the interior. Gottschang (1987) discussed how China used a Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan. The main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union. Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956 approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, others were under joint ownership. No privately owned firms remained. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956. Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize increasingly large and socialized collective units. From the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives. In the agricultural producers cooperatives, income shares were based only on the amount of labour contributed. In addition, each family was allowed to retain a small private plot on which to grow vegetables, fruit, and livestock for its own use. The collectivization process began slowly but accelerated in 1955 and 1956. In 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined advanced producers co operatives. In terms of economic growth the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expanded and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at 9% a year. Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through collectivization. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingl y concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption. The First Five-Year Plan was for a long time the only plan that was even partially executed. The success of the First Five Year Plan encouraged Mao to initiate the Great Leap Forward, in 1958. Mao also launched a phase of rapid collectivization. The Party introduced price controls as well as a Chinese character simplification aimed at increasing literacy. The Great Leap was not merely a bold economic project, it was also intended to show the Soviet Union that the Chinese approach to economic development was more vibrant, and ultimately would be more successful, than the Soviet model that had been used previously. Under the economic program, the relatively small agricultural collectives which had been formed were rapidly merged into far larger peoples communes, and many of the peasants ordered to work on massive infrastructure projects and the small-scale production of iron and steel. Some private food production was banned; livestock and farm implements were brought under collective ownership. Under the Great Leap Forward, Mao and other party leaders ordered the implementation of a variety of unproven and unscientific new agricultural techniques by the new communes. Combined with the diversion of labour to steel production and infrastructure projects and the reduced personal incentives under a commune system this led to an approximately 15% drop in grain production in 1959 followed by further 10% reduction in 1960 and no recovery in 1961 (Spence, p.553). To win favour with superiors and avoid being purged, each layer in the party hierarchy exaggerated the amount of grain produced under them and based on the fabricated success, party cadres were ordered to requisition a disproportionately high amount of the true harvest for state use primarily in the cities and urban areas but also for export, which resulted in the rural peasant snot left enough to eat and millions starved to death in the largest famine in human history. This famine was a direct cause of the death of some 3 0 millions of Chinese peasants between 1959 and 1962 and about the same number of births were lost or postponed. Further, many children who became emaciated and malnourished during years of hardship and struggle for survival, died shortly after the Great Leap Forward came to an end in 1962 (Spence, p.553). The famine was due to Maos leaning heavily on mass mobilization to speed up industrial development. The Great Leap emphasized heavy industry in general, and the iron and steel industry in particular. In any case, the Great Leap came to be a leap into disaster and was a major cause of Chinas worst famine (1959-61). During this period state investment in industrial assets in the interior continued to increase. It averaged 59.4% of the national total during 1958-62 and further grew to 62-5% in the post-Leap adjustment period (1963-65). In the meantime, worsening Sino-Soviet relations and U.S. involvement in Vietnam led Chinas leaders to perceive a greater need for enhancing its national defence capabilities. As a result, despite the much felt post-crisis need to invigorate existing industrial production and restore consumption levels, Mao in 1964 ruled in favour of building more defence-orientated industries in the interior so that Chinas industrial infrastructure would survive a foreig n invasion and provide for a protracted defensive war. (Yang, 1990, p.236-7) As part of this push for hierarchical organization and revolutionary thinking, Mao initiates the Peoples Commune Movement to foster a communist-agrarian society. Bad incentives and bad weather bring the famine of 1960 with its accompanying economic turmoil, starvation, and rural revolt. Twenty to thirty million people lose their lives through malnutrition and famine (Fairbanks 1987, p.296). The failure of the Great Leap Forward and the Peoples Commune Movement created the first open split within the ranks of communist leaders. Furthermore, a major rift opens with the Soviets, leading to a break in relations and Russian aid flows. (Jaggi et al., WP 1996) The Great Leap Forward was a disaster for China. Although the steel quotas were officially reached, almost all of it made in the countryside was useless lumps of iron, as it had been made from assorted scrap metal in homemade furnaces with no reliable source of fuel such as coal. At the Lushan Conference in 1959, several leaders expressed concern that the Leap was not as successful as planned. The most direct of these was Minister of Defence and Korean War General Peng Dehuai. Mao, fearing loss of his position, orchestrated a purge of Peng and his supporters, stifling criticism of the Great Leap policies. Senior officials who reported the truth of the famine to Mao were branded as right opportunists (Becker, 1998). A campaign against right opportunism was launched and resulted in party members and ordinary peasants being sent to camps where many would subsequently die in the famine. The party have now concluded that 6 million were wrongly punished in the campaign. (Valentino, 2004, p . 127) The largest man-made famine on record was the Chinese famine of 1958-1961, which resulted in the death of an estimated 30 million people and approximately the same number of births lost or postponed. This famine was thought to be as a direct result of the decision by Mao Zedong to launch the Great Leap Forward, a mass mobilization of the population to achieve economic advancement. Mao followed the Stalinist ideology of heavy industry being the answer to economic advancement, peasants were ordered to abandon all private food production and instead produce steel which proved to be of extremely poor quality and of little or no use (Smil, 1999). This created a similar pattern to that of the loss of grain production needed to feed the population as seen in the Ukraine in the 1930s,by the spring of 1959 famine had affected people living in one-third of Chinas provinces. Until the mid 1980s, when official census figures were finally published by the Chinese Government, little was known abou t the scale of the disaster in the Chinese countryside, as the handful of Western observers allowed access during this time had been restricted to model villages where they were deceived into believing that Great Leap Forward had been a great success. There was also an assumption that the flow of individual reports of starvation that had been reaching the West, primarily through Hong Kong and Taiwan, must be localized or exaggerated as China was continuing to claim record harvests and was a net exporter of grain through the period. Because Mao wanted to pay back early to the Soviets debts totalling 1.973 billion yuan from 1960 to 1962, exports increased by 50%. (ONeill, 2008) Censuses were carried out in China in 1953, 1964 and 1982. The first attempt to analyse this data in order to estimate the number of famine deaths was carried out by Dr Judith Banister. Given the gaps between the censuses and doubts over the reliability of the data, an accurate figure is difficult to ascertain. Banister concluded that the official data implied that around 15 million excess deaths incurred in China during 1958-61 and that based on her modelling of Chinese demographics during the period and taking account of assumed underreporting during the famine years, the figure was around 30 million. The official statistic is 20 million deaths, as given by Hu Yaobang (Short, 2001). Partly surrounded by hostile American military bases, China was confronted with a Soviet threat from the north and west. Both the internal crisis and the external threat called for extraordinary statesmanship from Mao, but as China entered the new decade the statesmen of the Peoples Republic were in hostile confrontation with each other. During Conference of the Seven Thousand in Beijing in 1962 State Chairman Shaoqi denounced the Great Leap Forward as responsible for widespread famine, with a majority of delegates expressing agreement, but Defence Minister Biao staunchly defended Mao. A brief period of liberalization followed while Mao and Lin plotted a comeback. Liu and Deng Xiaoping rescued the economy by disbanding the peoples communes, introducing elements of private control of peasant smallholdings and importing grain from Canada and Australia to mitigate the worst effects of famine. Sectoral priorities during the Great Leap (heavy industry, light industry and then agriculture) are reversed, to produce more food (Riskin 1987). Private plots are re-established, limited markets are reopened, and modern inputs such as chemical fertilizers are emphasized (Barnett 1974, p.126). The economy shows signs of recovery in 1963, and by 1965 China regains the level of production reached in 1957 (USITC 1985, 11-25). Third Five year Plan (1966-1969) tasks included developing agriculture to feed the populace and meet other basic needs (such as clothing); strengthening national defence (a priority given Chinese concerns of a potential war); advancing technology; developing infrastructure; encouraging economic self-reliance. Again striving to expand his command over the Party, Mao orchestrates the Cultural Revolution. Early stages of the movement entail a struggle against the so called antiparty clique, including Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping. Mao calls on the youth as Red Guards to spread revolutionary zeal. They make a specialty of attacking professionals and intellectuals, and wreak havoc on the educational system. Begun as a political struggle, the Cultural Revolution paralyzes normal life and throws the economy into turmoil. The Fourth Five Year Plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceeded by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development In September 1970, the Plan was drafted with such goals as maintaining an annual growth rate of 12.5% in industry and agriculture as well as specific budget allowances for infrastructure construction (130 billion yuan during the Plan). In 1973, some of the specific provisions of the plan were amended to lower the targets. All targets had been reached or surpassed by the end of 1973. China experienced a vibrant economy in the years 1972 and 1973. In conclusion, Maos five year plans, during his time as Chairman of the CPC, were not only enabled China to grow in terms of GDP, but enabled improved rates of literacy, improved living standards if only slightly, some elements of trade liberalisation occurred and a focus on agriculture was eventually made in order to develop food securities, there was some industrialisation and investment in infrastructure. The growth was mainly export-led as GDP per capita did not drastically increase, infrastructure investment rose to a level allowing China to uphold its ability to It therefore can be argued that although many millions of people suffered due to Mao, that China today has partly benefited from the Mao years, although I believe that if Mao had not been kept unaware of the situation that arose in the Great Leap Forward years, that the suffering and deaths that occurred could have been avoided.

Essay --

A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies. Essay -- A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies.

Melting Point Determination

This larger surface area-to- illume ratio allows for a sharper more accurate melting point. 4. Approximately 20 crystals should be loaded onto the coveralls to ensure that the sample is heated evenly. 5. The temperature of the stage should be ICC below the expected melting point when you begin to heat 1-ICC per minute. 6. The melting point range would increase because the heat would not be able to properly penetrate the sample evenly. This would make the center of the large uncrushed sample have less exposure to the heat, and it would melt much slower than a small and evenly spread sample. . It is important because if the temperature is increased too rapidly at the elating point, the sample and the aluminum block will not be at the thermal equilibrium with the thermometer. 8. Rapidly heating the sample results In too high of a reading because the sample and aluminum bock are not at equilibrium with the mercury in the thermometer and this will result In a very high reading. 9. A mixed melting point analysis Is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.The unknown sample Is placed In the heating apparatus and heated using a true (slow) melting point. Once the melting point of the unknown Is determined, the known samples are mixed with the unknown to see which one matches the melting mint of the unknown. If the unknown sample and the known sample melt at the same temperature as the unknown then they are the same compound. If they melt before the melt point of the unknown then It Is an Impure compound exhibiting a depressed melting point.This way we are able to Identify the Identity of the unknown. 10. A. B and C are the same compounds. B. A Is different from B and C. C. It would be very similar to the melting point of B + A since B and C are the same. Therefore It would be approximately 45. 1 – 53. ICC. Crushing the sample allows for greater surface area-to-volume ratio of the powder, equilibrium with the thermometer. . Rapidly heating the sa mple results in too high mercury in the thermometer and this will result in a very high reading. . A mixed melting point analysis is preformed to determine the identity of an unknown sample.

Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Example

Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Example Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Marketing Analysis of Kids TV Show Essay Essay Topic: Kids Kids show; partly because as a college student I have limited income and cant afford cable, and partly because I grew up watching the channel. I found website that had live streaming of certain cable network shows. When I first signed up and began watching, the end of Sesame Street was on. I watched on a few minutes of the show and continued watching the channel through the next show. The show that followed, which I watched in full, was Angelina Ballerina: Next Steps. I remember when I was younger and used to watch Angelina Ballerina. The show as a cartoon-style show detailing the life of a young mouse aspiring to be a ballerina. Not having watched the show for maybe 15 years, I was surprised about a number of things. First of all, I was surprised the show still existed. They seemed to have remade the name, adding on Next Steps, so they seemed to have extended the story so they could tell new stories and not Just replay old episodes. Another thing that surprised me was that the characters seemed to be more digitized. It wasnt the old sort of scratchy drawings that I remember; it was a more up to date version of he show that I was watching. The cartoons were more clear and accurate than the drawings that they used to be. This particular pair of episodes shown in a half hour segment was more up to date than imagined. It told the story of Angelina and her friend Alice, but with supporting characters. Angelina and Alice go to different schools and although they still like similar things, their interests seem to have slightly changed than when I watched the show as a little girl. The supporting characters that were added into the storyline added some cultural variety to the show. There were different colored mice ND mice that had different accents as well. They also seemed to try to extend their viewers to more boys rather than Just girls. There were multiple boy mouse dancers wearing boyish clothes (rather than a dancing uniform), and there seemed to be more collaboration between boy and girl mice. As mentioned earlier, I was surprised at how much the show had changed. Part of the reason is that the last few episodes of Sesame Street were exactly the same as I remember when I used to watch the show as a child. The only thing that seemed to be updated was the closing credits with Big Bird dancing in the background while the reedits rolled down the opposite side of the screen. When Sesame Street ended, there were a number of commercials that played. First, the sponsors were mentioned saying brought to you by In a womans clear and concise voice. The National Coalition of Resting People was the first sponsor of Sesame Street. They were promoting a good nights sleep and stating facts about how it was good for your health. Another sponsor was Daniel Tigers Neighborhood which was a PBS show. I assumed it to be a new show they had released because they told the viewing times and almost a summary of the show and its characters. The last Sponsor listed was United Health Care asking kids How many Fruit and Vegetables did you eat today? . Next a commercial break came, although there wasnt much of a Seaway between commercial that played along with it. Beaches Resorts, PAN, Earths Best Organic, Corporation for Public Broadcasting all played commercials. These commercials all seemed to promote health and safe choices to the viewers of this station. The end credits of Sesame Street were shown and then another set of commercials were shown. These commercials included Cyberspace (a PBS show), Support PBS foundation usage, and Hard Rock Hotel. The Hard Rock Hotel was then named as a sponsor to the show. Angelina Ballerina: Next Step came next. After the show another set of commercials came including Pokies. Org, HIT Entertainment, Hard Rock Hotel, Wild Karats (PBS Show), The Organism Guys (Message about germs from American Public Television), Side the Science Kid (PBS Show, up next), First 5 California, Boeing, Vinci- technology for early life, Rose Hills Foundation, Arthur Fining Davis Foundation. Even though the show seemed to have advanced and become more up to date, I as surprised that they didnt put any sort of technology references in it. There were no advertisements during any of the programs, only afterwards. I remember that from watching the shows as a child, but I was surprised that they hadnt changed that aspect of their shows. Another thing I noticed about the shows and their commercials was that the sponsor messages seemed to blend with the commercials. It was hard to tell the difference between the two. It seemed to me that Angelina Ballerina: Next Step is trying to create a larger viewers. It seems like they want more than Just young, white girls to be watching the show. They seemed to have included more material in the show for boys to be interested in as well. I think if a girl has a younger brother he might be interested in watching the show with her because of more male involvement in the storyline. I also noticed, as stated above, that there seemed to be more inclusion in the show of other races rather than Just white children. They seem to have included Latino, African American, and Asian mice into the character list of the show. This could increase their viewer ship to more than Just white children. The commercials for Hotels or Beach Resorts seemed to surprise me. I suppose they cant really advertise for a trip to Disney Parks because they arent affiliated with Disney so they had to go in another direction. Both the Hard Rock Hotel and Beach Resorts commercials showed Families and more particularly children, but I was surprised at their choice of commercial. It seemed interesting to me that a child would be watching the show, see the commercial and want to go to the Hard Rock Hotel. It didnt seem like something a child would see and ask their parents to go to. The choice of other commercials did not surprise me however. From past analysis, I found it typical to advertise for other shows on the Network. There were plenty of ads for other PBS shows that could be viewed later on in the day or up next. From watching the channel when I was younger, I was also not surprised for the commercials from American Public Television, or from the Rather Fining Davis Foundation, or from United Health Care, etc. PBS has always supported young adult health and expanding of childrens knowledge. That came as no surprise that their commercials revolved highly around this matter.

How to Make a Glowing Flower

How to Make a Glowing Flower Use chemistry to make a real flower glow in the dark. Glowing Flower - Method #1 Test a highlighter pen to make sure it glows under black (fluorescent) light. Yellow is reliable, but some other colors glow brightly, too.Use a knife or saw to cut open the pen and expose the fibers which contain the ink. Remove the ink strip.Squeeze dye from the ink pad into a small amount of water.Trim the end of a flower so that it will be able to take up water. Place the flower in the water with the ink.Allow several hours for the flower to absorb the fluorescent ink. When the flower has taken in the ink its petals will glow under black light. Glowing Flower - Method #2 many flowers fluorescent light Pour some tonic water into a vase.Cut the end off of a flower so that it has a fresh surface.Allow several hours for the quinine to be incorporated into the petals of the flower.Turn on a black light and enjoy your flower. Glowing Flower - Method #3 Prepare glowing water using diet tonic water or any color of highlighter that you have established will glow under a black light. Its also possible to use thinned glowing paint.Find a glass or cup that is large enough to accomodate your flower. Fill this container with the glowing liquid.Invert the flower and immerse it in the liquid. Gently swish the flower around to dislodge any air bubbles, since areas with bubbles wont pick up the fluorescent or phosphorescent color.Allow your flower to absorb the dye. Just dipping the flower results in spotty coverage. If you want bright glowing flowers, allow the flowers to absorb the color directly into their petals for an hour or two. You can keep the stem of the flower hydrated by wrapping a bit of dampened paper towel around it.Remove the glowing flower from the liquid. You can place it in a vase filled with water or otherwise display it under a black light. Tips for Making a Glowing Flower White or pale flowers work much better than flowers with deeply colored petals. The pigment in the dark colored flowers blocks nearly all the glowing light.You need fresh healthy flowers. Flowers that are nearly dead wont drink the water and wont glow. Its possible you might be able to inject the ink directly into the flower head, but wouldnt you rather just use a fresh flower?Certain flowers work better than others. Carnations and daisies work better than roses. Basically any flower you can dye with food coloring works well for making a glowing flower. A Note About Glowing Chemicals how to make glowing flowers . If the videos involve giving the flowers a chemical that is already glowing or is fluorescent or phosphorescent under a black light, theres a good chance the instructions are legitimate. However, videos that call for you to mix unlikely chemicals like match heads and peroxide are a scam. Those chemicals will not make your flower glow. Dont be fooled!

Luxury Brands, Why People Spend a Lot of Money to Buy Luxury Goods Essay

Luxury Brands, Why People Spend a Lot of Money to Buy Luxury Goods - Essay Example People buy luxury items because they can afford it. This is the only way to show their richness to people. Luxury brands are obviously made for such people who want to prove that they are rich and they can pay any cost for their favorite things. People and fashion celebrities buy the branded goods of Louis Vuitton, Christian Louboutin and Gucci to wear robust and durable products. Louis Vuittan is footwear giant and fashion people spend a lot of money on branded products to show richness. Alexandra says, â€Å"I love the process, the quality, and the craftsmanship involved behind most good luxury products. Some people think luxury goods are very expensive and overpriced. Expensive, yes, overpriced not always.† (Alexandra 2010) Now the one more reason is export of branded items. Branded companies like Hermes, Gucci, Adidas and Nike are manufactured and used in economically strong countries. When these goods are imported by the third world countries, these goods become very expe nsive after inclusion of different taxes. Louis Vuitton is world leader in footwear collections. Other brands in competition are Prada and Alexander Wang. The very important factor behind buying the branded items is that people buy emotion, luxury, image and status linked to brand of their choice. Manufacturer keeps the interest of buyer in mind and makes items to fulfill needsof people. Inflation and difference in currency rates is also influencing factor in offering the different rates of single brand at different places of the world. Brands like Louboutin and Jimmy Choo have a big name on social media. These two are the most visited brands on the internet. Because they claim that they do not only sell shoes, they also sell the lifestyle. This is the lifestyle which convinced people to go for such stylish shoes. When Smith was asked about his interest in buying luxury brands, he reported, â€Å"Luxury brands have valid prices because they offer the best quality and whenever one u ses a brand, it speaks of its quality. They never get weird and out of fashion. They are always in fashion.† The imprecision of the bags has proved that it is one of the most desirable bags since Hermes named it after British actress Jane Birkin in 1984, the prices of these products starts from about $9,000 to about $34,000 for a crocodile skin bag (Goldsmith 2008). People pay large amounts for buying Hermes bags because of already discussed reasons. Hermes bags are good looking and are made of very fine material. Costly and finished leather is used in making of these bags. Companies depend on good labor and material. Just for making the name of brand known to people Hermes bag making is free of any shortcuts. Tonello said, â€Å"The bag has become the iconic 'it' bag, the symbol of ultimate luxury, because of its inaccessibility to the general public† (Goldsmith 2008). Another beauty of Hermes bags is that these are hand made by highly skilled people. Quantity is decid ed and then bags are made according to decided quantity. No extra bags are manufactured in a year. Making of certain number of bags depends upon the availability of skilled labor. Variety of colors and styles are used in molding the leather in a very good looking bag. This fascinates the people and they become bag lovers by paying the high costs. When

Should similar systems of free enterprise, would their most likely Essay

Should similar systems of free enterprise, would their most likely LONGEST TERM outcomes be forms of a permanent worker democracy of communism - Essay Example The free enterprise economy is characterized by monetary sovereignty, altruistic exchange, private chattels and choice of getting maximum profits in the business. People decide ways in which they earn and use their funds they get in the business. Most successful countries that have strong and stable economy apply free enterprise economy system, as it is the world’s leading economic structure. Consequently, should similar systems of free enterprise degenerate; I think that their longest term outcomes will be forms of a permanent worker democracy of communism. There are two factors to be noted before it becomes a realism Firstly, every person should be literate and exceptionally knowledgeable, since communism system does not need ignorant, selfish, and greedy individuals. It is established that communism works better among individuals who are aware of the benefits of an exemplary leadership and concerned with assisting the common individuals. Consequently, informed leaders who h ave the skills of leading a country to a successful economic progress can be good in ruling a communist country. Secondly, I think individuals ought to be satisfied with whatever they own instead of wanting to augment themselves; hence, larceny public wealth. Leaders are expected to reach a personal satisfaction that is immeasurable in order to make outstanding leadership. It is difficult for innumerable personalities, since it requires leaders to get satisfied with the positive impacts they put in when governing a country instead of what they gain. Leaders should be able to measure their level of happiness without considering or comparing their happiness with the happenings of the surrounding environment. People should learn to be contented with whatever they have, to achieve social maturity and work harder to ensure that favorable competition prevails through their efforts they put in work. It is